Cerebrus

Click "Search" to find an article
AMYGDALA - keywords
amygdala and emotion in a specific limbic subsystem emotion amygdala are a nodal point for investing emotion in sensory experiences, used for long term executive planning (motivation); other nuclei involved in emotion are paraventricular thalamus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens septi amygdala are a crucial relay in the limbic subsystem that ends in an emotional working memory in the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex where feelings (e.g. fear and anger but also other emotions) are encoded; they supervise encoding for some form of implicit memory core affect motivation (drive based on memory) arousal + valence + - - associative learning occurs by coupling of a neutral stimulus (conditional shock or cue —> thalamus) to an inforcer like touch or pain (a conditional stimulus —> parabrachial nucleus and sensory cortex), both sending information to the amygdala hippocampus conditioned shock (cue) like e.g a sound (neutral input) basal amygdala thalamus unconditioned shock like e.g pain (reinforcer) LTP lateral amygdala LTP central amygdala sensory cortex and parabrachial nucleus amygdalar subnuclei form different microcircuits for specific issues effector nuclei: ventral forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem Altman J, Bayer SA (2015) Development of the human neocortex: a review and interpretation of the histological record. A Free eBook from the Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Inc. www.neurondevelopment.org © 2015. Janak PH, Tye KM. From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala. Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):284-92. doi: 10.1038/nature14188. Gloor P (1997) The temporal lobe and limbic system. Oxford University press. Mulc D, Smilović D, Krsnik Ž, Junaković-Munjas A, Kopić J, Kostović I, Šimić G, Vukšić M. Fetal development of the human amygdala. J Comp Neurol. 2024 Jan;532(1):e25580. doi: 10.1002/cne.25580. PMID: 38289194. Netter FH (1986) The CIBA Collection of Medical Illustrations. Vol. 1. Nervous System. Part I: Anatomy and Physiology. West Caldwell, NJ: CIBA Pharmaceutical. Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, van Huijzenz C (1988) The human central nervous system. Third revised edition. Springer-Verlag. Digital version by Martin Hirsch named ‘Interbrain’. Paxinos G, Mai JK (Eds.), The Human Nervous System, second ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia A-S, White LE (2012) Neuroscience. Fifth edition. Sinauer associates. Roesler R, McCaugh JL (2022) The entorhinal cortex as a gateway for amygdala influences on memory consolidation. Neuroscience 497; 86-96. Smith CG, van der Kooy DJ (1985) Basic Neuroanatomy. 3rd Edn. Toronto: Collamore Press. ten Donkelaar HJ, Lammens M, Cruysberg JRM, Hori A, Shiota K, Verbist B (2006) Development and developmental disorders of the forebrain. In: ten Donkelaar HJ, Lammens M, Hori A (eds) Clinical Neuroembryology: development and developmental disorders of the human central nervous system. Springer, Berlin/ Heidelberg/New York, pp 345–428. anatomy of the amygdala in a coronal section adpated from Nieuwenhuys et al.1988 1 Indusium griseum 2 Body of the caudate nucleus 3 Anterior nucleus of the thalamus 4 Reticular nucleus of the thalamus 5 Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus 6 Putamen 7 Globus pallidus, external segment 8 Globus pallidus, internal segment 9 Posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus 10 Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus 11 Lateral area of the hypothalamus 12 Tuberal nuclei 13 Infundibular nucleus 14 Innominate substance 15 Central nucleus of the amygdaloid body 16 Accessory basal nucleus of the amygdaloid body 17 Medial nucleus of the amygdaloid body 18 Cortical nucleus of the amygdaloid body 19 Basal nucleus of the amygdaloid body 20 Lateral nucleus of the amygdaloid body 21 Ammon’s horn 22 Cingulum 23 Lateral longitudinal stria 24 Medial longitudinal stria 25 External medullary lamina 26 Internal medullary lamina 27 Stria medullaris 28 Internal capsule, posterior limb 29 External capsule 30 Extreme capsule 31 Lateral medullary lamina 32 Medial medullary lamina 33 Thalamic fascicle 34 Lenticular fascicle 35 Column of the fornix 36 Ansa lenticularis 37 Optic tract 38 Anterior commissure connections of the amygdala M 3 ST 6 10 2 13 VA 11 7 9 8 5 FU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 amygdala stria terminalis mediodorsal thalamic nucleus 10 corpus mammillare 14 hippocampus septal nuclei + nu. accumbens diagonal band (Foville)(external aspect of part of the ventral amygdalofugal pathway)(part of extended amygdala) 8 inferior thalamic pedicle 9 lateral olfactory stria 10 fasciculus uncinatus (to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex) 11 tuberculum olfactorium 12 commissura anterior 13 medial forebrain bundle 14 amygdalo-neocortical connections VA ventral amygdalofugal pathway ST stria terminalis FU fasciculus uncinatus M foramen of Monro Me medial nucleus C cortical nucleus (olfactory) Ce central nucleus (hypothalamus and stem) BL basolateral complex (temporal and frontal cortex) B + L + AB PG 4 14 serial connections: basolateral to basal, basal and basolateral to central parallel connections directly to central efferent tracts of the amygdala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 amygdala stria terminalis mediodorsal thalamic nucleus corpus mammillare hippocampus septal nuclei + nu. accumbens diagonal band (Foville)(external aspect of part of the ventral amygdalofugal pathway)(part of extended amygdala) 8 inferior thalamic pedicle 9 lateral olfactory stria 10 fasciculus uncinatus (to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex) 11 tuberculum olfactorium 12 commissura anterior 13 medial forebrain bundle 14 amygdalo-neocortical connections 9 12 11 7 C VA 13 Me BL Ce 1 8 gyrus semilunaris of the uncus ST 2 VA ventral amygdalofugal pathway ST stria terminalis FU fasciculus uncinatus M foramen of Monro Me medial nucleus C cortical nucleus (olfactory) Ce central nucleus (hypothalamus and stem) BL basolateral complex (temporal and frontal cortex) B + L + AB AB adpated from Nieuwenhuys et al.1988 amygdala and neocortical targets orbital and medial prefrontal ACC (anterior cingulate cortex cortex) FU mediodorsal and other thalamic nuclei ventral forebrain cholinergic nuclei VA brainstem RF M foramen of Monro Me medial nucleus C cortical nucleus (olfactory) Ce central nucleus (hypothalamus and stem) BL basolateral complex (temporal and frontal cortex) B + L + AB ST visceral and motor effectors hypothalamus FU BL ST MFB C amygdala C olfactory bulb and trigonum neocortex: frontal, temporal and occipital BL Ce BL Me (para)hippocampal, cingulate and insular cortex ST VA AmCor A main hippocampal (HC) efferent 1 fimbria 2 crura fornicis 3 fornix 4 columna fornicis main amygdalar (A) efferents VA ventral amygdalofugal tract ST stria terminalis (= dorsal amygdalofugal tract) AmCor amygdalocortical connections FU fasciculus uncinatus nuclei within the amygdala (Gloor 1997) pyramidal projection neurons (Glu) stellate interneurons (GABA) many peptides in neuropil steroid receptors amygdala transitional zones - amygdalo-hippocampal area - intercalated masses central group Ce - most dorsal position - not at surface - extends in bed nucleus of stria terminalis - main output centre via connections to hypothalamus and brainstem - direct afferents from outside amygdala or serial via basolateral nuclei in the amygdala basolateral group BL - cortex-like but not reaching uncal surface - L lateral (lipofuscin+), B basal, AB accessory basal (muscarinic receptors+) and PL paralaminar nuclei - covered by anterior commissure - lateral nucleus part of roof of temporal horn tip - basal nucleus at amygdalo-hippocampal border, intense NADPH-d staining connections with neocortex and efferent also to striatum extended amygdala bed nucleus of stria terminalis - intra-amygdaloid, supracapsular and paraseptal parts - argyrophilic neurons corticomedial group C, Me - cortical nucleus C at surface of the uncus in gyrus semilunaris - medial nucleus Me - mainly olfactory input - rich in neurotransmitters and peptides sublenticular former substantia innominata - under anterior commissure - extending from precommissural septal area to amygdala - ventral (basal) forebrain contains: septal nuclei, nuclei of the diagonal band, nucleus accumbens septi, nucleus of Meynert (cholingeric) and sublencticular substantia innominata magnocellular cholinergic nuclei appear early in the ventral forebrain, comprising septal nuclei, nucleus of the diagonal band and basal nucleus of Meynert; the innervation of the neocortex by these cells may proceed from around 15w to up to around 28w PMA amygdala and entorhinal cortex the entorhinal cortex is a gateway for the basolateral amygdala to change the information processed between hippocampus and neocortex; several hours after learning there is concerted and distributed activity to harness memories; nucleus accumbens is a bridge mediating influence of the amygdala on the hippocampus - the BST ant . Put amygdala either modulate or - process simultaneously with EC and neocortex ST but the end result is that memories are consolidated and invested with motivation under the influence of the amygdala VA HY Co Ce BL basolateral amygdala hippocampus entorhinal cortex adpated from ten Donkelaar et al.2006 neocortex nucleus accumbens efferents of amygdala (many to hypothalamus) via - ST stria terminalis - VA ventral amygdalofugal pathway SEPTUM EX S RT PU CO AM C L A PO MP HIP CA O IPP AH PAR AMYGDALA PARAHIP POCAMP AL CORTEX Am ORH ENT HIN PERIR OC Hip TE TEX COR L A IN RTEX AL CO monkey: cortical processing of visual information from the striate cortex (OC) to the inferotemporal cortex (TE) area TE projects to the amygdala (Am) and to the hippocampus (Hip) via the parahippocampal gyrus and perirhinal cortex sections of the basal forebrain in relation to the amygdala Cd BST S ac Db GPe VS GPi BM Cd Th BST Put f ac M Ce M Ce BL BL series of frontal sections through the human basal forebrain, from rostral to caudal; the large dots indicate the large, cholinergic cells of the basal nucleus of Meynert (BM) ac anterior commissure, BL basolateral amygdala, BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, Cd caudate nucleus, Ce central amygdala, cho chiasma opticum, Cl claustrum, Db diagonal band of Broca, f fornix, GP globus pallidus, GPe GPi external and internal parts of globus pallidus, Hip hippocampus, In insula, M medial amygdala, ot optic tract, Put putamen, S septum, Th thalamus, VP ventral pallidum, VS ventral striatum (ten Donkelaar et al. 2006) fetal development of the amygdala 9w PMA 26w PMA 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 cortical basolateral and central anterior medial fetal development of the amygdala (Mulc et al. 2024) early fetal 9-13w PMA cell mass in BL and Ce, cell layer in CM mainly progenitor cells -> proliferation no fibers and migration midfetal 14-24w PMA all nuclei present and septa appearing emerging calretinin + interneurons -> synaptogenesis and interneuron migration fibers in dorsal areas late fetal 25-34w PMA mature division, septa disappearing adultlike neurons mixed with progenitor cells -> widespread synaptogenesis and fiber formation fibers amidst nuclei neonate 35-38w PMA adult shape, glial migratory streams disappearing mature cell skeleton onset of myelination - there is a superficial and deep part to the amygdala - the deep part comprises the lateral, basolateral, medial and paralaminar nuclei - amygadaloid cells derive from the MVE via a lateral and medial (to the striatum) migratory stream - neurogenesis in humans spans from PMA week 7 to 12 (GA w 5 to 10), the amygdalo-hippocampal area, intercalated masses and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis being latest to divide and migrate; medial and cortical nuclei appear slightly before basolateral nuclei location of the amygdala 15 4 11 14 7 7 10 16 5 6 6 8 11 2 15 3 9 1 2 4 12 Co Ce 13 Co 16 10 1 BL adpated from Altman & Bayer 2015 1 Amygdala: BL (basolateral complex), Ce (central nucleus), Co (corticomedial complex) 2 anterior commissure 3 basal nucleus of Meynert 4 fornix 5 ventral striatum 6 globus pallidus 7 putamen 8 zona incerta Forel 9 medial forebrain bundle 10 fasciculus uncinatus 11 stria terminalis 12 optic tract 13 hypothalamus 14 thalamus 15 STF 1-6 16 lateral migratory stream amygdalar nuclei fetus to adult Ce claustrum Me optic tract C AB amygdalohippocampal transition lateral medial B L PL entorhinal cortex adult Gloor 1997 olfactory tubercle lateral lateral olfactory tract medial amygdala hippocampus mesencephalon preterm 23w PMA Altman & Bayer 2015 migration tracts for the amygdala EC MMS ST IC BNS P pall. AC DB Cl AChE (acetylcholinesterase) fiber system that partitions the ventral striatum into “terminal islands” (Paxinos and Mai 2004) amygdaloid nuclei are the result of migration along the LMS and MMS, with different progenitor sources lateral stream LMS: from corticostriatal sulcus, along lateral putamen in external capsule, to amgydaloid complex medial stream MMS: to ventral forebrain and amygdala; originates in MVE (medial ventricular eminence) AC anterior commissure ANC amygdaloid nuclear complex BNS bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Cl claustrum DB diagonal band EC external capsule IC internal capsule P putamen ST stria terminalis T thalamus terminal islands 1 nucleus accumbens lateral 2 stream to BNS 3 nucleus accumbens medial 4 tuber olfactorius 5 great terminal island of Calleja amygdala in parasagittal CUS putamen pallidum thalamus uncus issure erse f transv sulcus rhinalis substantia innominata lateral geniculate Uncus amygdala in behaviour primary amygdalar nuclei and basic circuit connections and function are conserved across species (from the brains of a lizard, mouse, rat, cat, monkey and human Janak and Tye 2015