HYPOTHALAMUS - keywords
4 regions in hypothalamus
4 hypothalamic regions
circadian rhythm
paraventricular
hypothalamic neuron
A preoptic region (temperature)(active sleep generation)
B supraoptic region (osmolarity)(circadian rhythm in suprachiasmatic nucleus)
intrinsically photosensitive
retinal ganglion cell
C tuberal region (glucose)
suprachiasmatic
neuron
CRH releasing
neuron
D mammillary region (blood pressure)
temperature control
hypothalamic neuron
3
1 column of fornix
2 paraventricular nucleus
3 lateral hypothalamic area (orexin and MFB)
4 posterior hypothalamic nucleus
5 ventral tegmental area
6 medial preoptic nucleus
7 anterior hypothalamic nucleus
8 dorsomedial nucleus
9 ventromedial nucleus
10 fasciculus mamillaris princeps
11 mammillary body
12 lateral preoptic nucleus
13 supraoptic nucleus
14 suprachiasmatic nucleus
15 infundibular nucleus
10
sleep-wake cycles
1
2
4
8
7
7
A
DMH also sends a mainly GABAergic projection to the
sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
D
C
5
B
9
12
noradrenergic locus
coeruleus. It is
synaptically interrupted
in the DMH
two groups of posterior hypothalamic
neurons, one producing hypocretins
and the other producing melaninconcentrating hormone
1
13
14
optic chiasm
2
15
tuber
cinereum
11
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
direct hypothalamopituitary system
4
7
OX
pituitary
5
6
STH
ACTH
HCG
TSH
ADH
hypophyseo-portal system
8
supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus)
optic chiasm
tuber cinereum
diaphragma sellae
posterior neuro-pituitary
anterior adeno-pituitary
hypophyseo-portal vein
internal carotid artery
hormonal production
OX oxytocin
ADH antidiuretic hormone
STH somatotropic hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
HCG gonadotropic hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
hypothalamus
1 column of fornix
2 paraventricular nucleus
3 lateral hypothalamic area
4 posterior hypothalamic nucleus
5 ventral tegmental area
6 medial preoptic nucleus
7 anterior hypothalamic nucleus
8 dorsomedial nucleus
9 ventromedial nucleus
10 fasciculus mamillaris princeps
11 mammillary body
12 lateral preoptic nucleus
13 supraoptic nucleus
14 suprachiasmatic nucleus
15 infundibular nucleus
16 superior hypophysial artery (right)
17 infundibulum
18 pars infundibularis
19 pars distalis
20 pars intermedia
21 posterior lobe of hypophysis
22 posterior intercavernous sinus
23 anterior intercavernous sinus
24 inferior hypophysial artery (left)
25 inferior hypophysial artery (right)
1
2
3
10
4
8
6
5
7
9
11
13
12
14
15
16
4
18
17
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
22
19
23
20
2
21
1
24
25
6
corpus mammillare
tuber cinereum
infundibulum
pituitary gland
internal carotid artery
basilar artery
hypothalamic connections
hypothalamo-thalamic connections
1
2
3
4
5
10
prefrontal cortical connections
parietal cortical connections
medial thalamus
lateral thalamus
hypothalamus
4
1
3
9
5
medial forebrain bundle
1
1 septal nuclei
2 amygdala to orbitofrontal cortex
3 hypothalamus
4 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
5 hippocampus
6 reticular formation mono-aminergic nuclei
7 locus coeruleus
8 parabrachial complex
9 periaqueductal gray
10 fornix
2
3
4
5
7
2
8
6
5
6
4
F
ITP
3
hypothalamic afferents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
9
M
F
B
neocortical afferents
optic afferents
from amygdala
from septal nuclei
2
from hippocampus (fornix) and amygdala (stria terminalis)
from medial (association) thalamic nuclei
from reticular formation and from sense organs (taste, visceral sensory …)
chemical sensors in the bloodstream
olfactory input
MFB
8
7
MFB medial forebrain bundle
F fornix
ITP inferior thalamic pedicle
2
pyrogenesis in hypothalamus
A preoptic region
B supraoptic region
C tuberal region
D mammillary region
sensor
effector
GABA
GLU
preoptic
sensor
11
both nuclei
heat loss
pyrogens <
from the blood (LPS)
6
altered behaviour
-—> -—> -—>
9
7
cytokine expression change, IL6 IL1 TNF
D
C
B
sensing by macrophages
heat gain
10
8
A
—————————>
-—>
2
1
dorsomedial
effector
-—>
1 fornix
2 mammillothalamic tract
3 corpus mammillare
4 tuber cinereum
5 adenohypophysis
6 paraventricular nucleus
7 supraoptic nucleus
8 dorsomedial nucleus
9 ventromedial nucleus
10 posterior hypothalamic area
11 lateral hypothalamic area
PGE2 production in endothelial cells
stimulation of the preoptic effector
3
4
pyrogens <
5
from choroid plexus to preoptic area
(circumventricular organs: OVLT organum
vasculorum laminae terminalis ?)
pyrogens from choroid plexus to preoptic area