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MKP THALAMUS - keywords
the diencephalic neuromere at the end of the embryonic period human 9 wks PMA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neocortex striatum pallidum preoptic area septal roofplate anterior commissure zli zona limitans intrathalamica (in sulcus limitans anterior) 8 eye 9 peduncular hypothalamus 10 terminal hypothalamus human 8 wks PMA 1 pallium 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 subthalamus mammillary body substantia nigra midbrain rhombomeres isthmus cerebellum cephalic flexure cervical flexure pituitary gland roofplate pineal gland 22 21 thalamus internal capsule P2 14 P1 sulcus limitans pre/subthalamus 7 2 subpallium 17 18 P3 3 16 13 15 11 12 9 5 19 6 4 10 8 thalamus pre/subthalamus hypothalamus from Altman and Bayer 2015 20 caudal diencephalon = P1 = pretectum P2 = thalamus (dorsalis) + habenula P3 = thalamus ventralis or prethalamus = subthalamus + nu. reticularis + zona incerta + nu. pregeniculatus rostral diencephalon = hypothalamus secondary organizers 1 hem (mesial) and anti-hem (lateral convexity) 2 anterior neural ridge 3 zona limitans intrathalamica 4 roofplate organizer 5 isthmic organizer 6 floorplate organizer 4 1 1 adapted from Puelles et al. 2013 3 2 5 6 early nuclear separation in thalamus human 11 wks PMA timespan of diencephalic thalamic neurogenesis human weeks PMA 7 8 9 10 11 12 lateral geniculate medial geniculate ventrobasal reticular 11 wks anterior mediodorsal paraventricular parafascicular (posterior intralaminar) from Altman and Bayer 2015 1 medial ganglionic eminence 2 lateral ganglionic eminence 3 caudal part of ganglionic eminence 4 internal capsule 5 putamen 6 medial amygdaloid nucleus 7 basal amygdaloid nucleus 8 septum 9 accumbens nucleus 10 nucleus of diagonal band 11 hippocampal formation 12 neopallium 13 cortical plate 14 Oolfactory tubercle 15 choroid plexus 16 habenular ganglion 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 dorsal thalamus dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus zona limitans intrathalamica ventral thalamus (zona incerta and reticular nucleus) ventral lateral geniculate nucleus subthalamic nucleus hypothalamus mamillary body piriform cortex ventral pallium (claustral stream) pallio-subpallial boundary pallidum adapted from Nieuwenhuys et al. 2008 sources of cortical and thalamic GABAergic neurons in man sources for interneurons with tangential migration 5 1 anterior pathway from caudal ganglionic eminence in the temporal area (CGE) (25 %)(reelin and vaso-active intestinal peptide + cells) 5 (genes: Sp8, Prox1) 2 medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) to frontal cortex: rostral migratory stream (65 %)(parvalbumin and somatostatin + cells) 3 (genes: Nkx2-1, Lhx6, Sox 6, SatB1) 2 - from preoptic area (10 %) 1 4 cortical interneuron generation with radial glial migration 3 medial migratory stream (septal area) to ventromedial prefrontal cortex 4 rostral migratory stream to olfactory bulb 5 a postnatal (first five months) stream of GABA-ergic neurons leaves an Arc of subventricular proliferation areas along the lateral ventricles 1 caudal telencephalic ganglionic eminence (CGT) 2 medial telencephalic ganglionic eminence 3 septal neuroepithelium 4 olfactory neuroepithelium 5 Arc of periventricular progenitors for late GABAergic migration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 third ventricle diencephalic neuroepithelium telencephalic ganglionic eminence corpus gangliothalamicum centromedian thalamic nucleus pallidum internal capsule third ventricle 10w GA: diencephalic 24w GA: telencephalic - early diencephalic neurogeneration - later telencephalic neurogeneration - transient, human-specific structure - tangential migration from telencephalic CGE via corpus gangliothalamicum (CGT) to thalamic pulvinar (P) and mediodorsal nucleus (MD) 2 3 4 1 6 5 7 after Rakić and Sidman 1969 growth trajectory of thalamic axons into the subplate human 16 wks PMA human 21 wks PMA progression of thalamo-cortical axons CP 23w 19w sSP a associative fibers preterm and near term) b basal forebrain fibers (AChE +)(from 10w PMA on) c thalamo-cortical fibers (AChE +)(from 10 wPMA on) (cause delamination of SVZ into OSVZ and ISVZ, forming a MACC) d commissural (callosal) fibers (from 17 w PMA on) a-d = MACC (MACC multilaminar axonal-cellular compartment) 14w dSP V IZ MACC 10w PSB c fornix a DTB b ESS IV d III V ISS SS VZ V Z -S I II thalamus EC hypothalamus DTB di-telencephalic border PSB pallial-subpallial boundary IZ intermediate zone dSP deep subplate sSP superficial subplate CP cortical plate adapted from Altman and Bayer 2015 white matter segments (chronological appearance) I periventricular fiber rich zone II SS stratum sagittale (internal ISS and external ESS) III CSO centrum semi-ovale IV gyral core V intracortical subplate function in early neocortical development subplate afferents marginal zone cortical plate SPN sources SPN subplate SPN ventricular zone rostromedial telencephalic wall medial ganglionic eminence thalamus glu GABA sequential developmental phases in spontaneous activity: subplate efferents Cajal-Retzius neuron marginal zone cortical plate linking thalamocortical to corticothalamic networks thalamus subplate (1)Cajal-Retzius and subplate neuronal activity: isolated and asynchronous (2)local synchronized activity in small networks or propagating activity waves (3)synchronized bursts with delta-activity (spindle bursts) or gamma-bursts; cortical oscillations (in specific circuits) and giant depolarising potentials (4)desynchronized activity due to progressively stronger impact of peripheral sensory input. corpus callosum thalamic nuclei are organised by afferent subcortical axons in the critical period monkey fetus day 87 day 144 day 124 dorsal lateral geniculate ~human 30w PMA overlap segregation monkey: thalamo-cortical afferents from LG segregated, early cortical column formation visual cortical area 17 cortical layers cortical plate ventricular zone magnocellular parvocellular koinocellular SP = subplate ● axons from contralateral eye CO (injected) ○ axons from ipsilateral eye IP ( not injected) in the mature monkey - early generated neurons lie in ventral magnocellular layers, neurons generated later in dorsal parvocellular layers - the same proliferative unit eventually establishes a single “projection column” adapted from Rakic 1977 different retinal cells retain different synapse locations in the cortex thalamic regions and their cortical projections (functional loops) tasks of thalamus - build a sensory picture of the world fornix - constant update (control) of motor commands issued from sensory input PMA choroid plexus 5 MI SI 4 1 A limbic 3 2 FEF motor SSC 3 1 M L 7 prefrontal sensory C arousal 4 P visual attention LG SMA MG auditory visual 1 3 4 5 trigonum habenulare 1 prefrontal loop: mediodorsal and ventral anterior thalamus -> dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (reciprocal via caudate head, pallidum, substantia nigra pr) 2 oculomotor loop: mediodorsal and ventral anterior thalamus -> frontal eye field FEF (reciprocal control via caudate body, pallidum, substantia nigra pr) 3 body movement loop: ventral lateral and ventral anterior thalamus -> primary motor cortex MI, PMA and SMA (reciprocal control via putamen and pallidum) 4 sensory loop: ventral posterior thalamus -> primary sensory cortex SI -> secondary somatosensory cortex SSC-> amygdala and hippocampus -> parietal cortex -> PMA and SMA motor cortex 5 limbic loop: mediodorsal thalamus -> anterior gyrus cinguli and orbitofrontal cortex 6 optic loop via lateral geniculate LG 7 auditory loop via medial geniculate MG 6 Superior Region (anterior group nuclei) anteroprincipal nucleus 1=10 CM cent Intralamin Hb habe ILALD anteri later CeMe LGNcent late limita CL Li central later CucLPcucull ventrolateral (sensorimotor) thalamus AV anteroventral nucleus AM anteromedial nucleus AD anterodorsal nucleus thalamic nuclei DSf dorsal superficial nucleus ATR 3=12————————————— A anterior IL intralaminar LG lateral geniculate 11 LP lateral posterior MD mediodorsal MDMC magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus, (medial MD; Ncl. PULV pulvinar medialis FPTfibrosus) VA ventral anterior MDPC parvicellular mediodorsal nucleus, (central MD; Ncl. VL ventrolateral medialis fasciculosus) VP ventral posterior MDPL paralaminar (paralamellar) mediodorsal nucleus, (lateral MD; Ncl. densocellularis / multiformis) ATR anterior thalamic radiation AR acoustic radiation Lateral Region CBT corticobulbar tract Motor Thalamus CST corticospinal tract pallidum LV lateral ventricle 5 VA ventral anterior nucleus OPT occipitopontine tract VAM medial (nigral afferents) VAMC magnocellular OR optic radiation ventroanterior nucleus PPT parietopontine tract CBT A VAL lateral (pallidal afferents) PTR posterior thalamic radiation VA VAb basal [VM] STR superior thalamic radiation STR (entry zone of nigral and amygdaloid afferents) TPT temporopontine tract v3 third ventricle LV VL VA, VLa pallido-nigral relay Medial Region caudate MD mediodorsal nucleus putamen 2=9 VL ventrolateral nucleus VL ventrolateral nucleus (oral division) VO VLP posterior ventrolateral MD nucleus (lateral caudal division) Vim CST VLA anterior AR PPT LG TPT OPT PTR VP VLPI posterior ventrolateral nucleus, internal part VLPE posterior ventrolateral nucleus, external part VLb basal (inferior)IL ventrolateral nucleus [VPI] LP (entry zone of the cerebellar fibers) v3 cingular cortex frontal cortex Sensory Thalamus PULV VP ventroposterior nucleus or complex, VPO and VPC VPL lateral ventroposterior nucleus; 6 VPM medial ventroposterior nucleus 4 VPS superior ventroposterior nucleus (Kaas) VPPC ventroposterior nucleus, parvicellular part VPMPC medial ventroposterior nucleus, parvicellular part VPb basal ventroposterior nucleus [VMpo] MV med Periventri Pf paraf Po poste dorsal com ant PT PuA paraten infe PV PuI parave VLP cerebellar motor input VP sensory relay VP PuL late VL VA PuM me ventral co Pv parav formation reticu A Re Rreunien Sg supra SM SN submed subst sPf subp Posterior STh sub anterolateral PulVA pulvin ventr 3,6 mm dorsal to intercommissural plane adapted from Percheron 2004 APul anter VAmc ve VLa ante ven ADPul VLp venn posterior zona incerta ven central groove IPulVLpl inferio VLpd ve IDPul infer frontal and preSMA accessory premotor motor cortex, somatosensory somatosensory VLpv ve ILPul infer cortex, supplementary motor area cortex MI,4 cortex, deep VM vent infer cutaneus SI,3b IVPul eye field and SMA 3a VPI vent IGPul inter and 1 VPL ven LPul latera VPLa ve MPul medi VPLp ve MLPul VPMmed ven SFPul supev VPMpc SPul super 1,8 mm ventral to intercommissural plane VA VO VImM VImL VPO VPC (entry zone of sensory afferents) LV tectum OR adapted from Nieuwenhuys et al. 2008 MB mam med ILCMD centra VACMMDmc centrom MDpc m VP PF parafas PULV MDpl me SPf subpar MGN me ILPMGm posteri me nucleus MGv me 11,3 mm dorsal to intercommissural plane posterolateral SGeMTT suprag ma from substantia nigra, tectum and amygdala from pallidum internum and pedunculopontine nucleus Epithalam HB habenu HBL latera HBM media spinothalamic tracts from cerebellar nuclei, vestibular nuclei and spinothalamic tracts from kinaesthetic lemniscus medialis information Prethalam PRt preret Fa fascicu from cutaneous lemniscus medialis information Metathala LG lateral MG medial function of thalamus: nuclei with drivers and modulators a thalamic triad (glomerulus) in a subcortical relay thalamic connections I ionotropic receptor non-neocortical cortico-thalamic connections are bilateral neocortical M metabotropic receptor F terminal: flattened vesicle (F1 axonal, F2 dendritic) RL terminal: round vesicle and large profiles RS terminal: round vesicle and small profiles RTN striatum thalamo -> cortical connections are strictly unilateral 5 3 F1 M I allocortex 4 I M amygdala RS 4 2 RL massive connections from cortex to RTN I I 3 1 no connections RTN to cortex first order thalamic drivers VA, VL, VP LG MG higher order reciprocal A, MD, IL, P 1 excitatory driver (GLU) from sensory organ (subcortical, e.g.retina or skin forming RL terminal) to first order or from cortical neuron in layer 5 to higher order relay (forming RS terminal); divergence: one cortical axon innervates several thalamic higher order neurons; axons from cortical layer 6 also innervate first order thalamic neurons; no collaterals to TRN from first or higher order drivers 2 relay cell dendrite : answers linearly with tonic firing to drivers, answers to combined modulator and inhibitor influence with burst firing (rhytmic or arrhytmic) 3 inhibitory interneuron dendrite (GABA, F2 terminal) or from thalamic reticular neuron (GABA, F1 terminal); TRN cells only inhibit relay cells first order drivers: retinogeniculate axons to LG, lemniscus medialis to VP, colliculus inferior to MG, spinothalamic tract to VP, cerebellum to VL, mammillary bodies to A 4 excitatory modulator axon from brainstem (cholinergic plus NO for parabrachial nuclei, NOR for locus ceruleus, serotonine for raphe nuclei)(RS terminals); also from tuberomammillary nucleus in hypothalamus (histamine) and from basal forebrain to TRN (cholinergic); in addition modulator input from basal ganglia to ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamus (GABA) subcortical afferents are uni- or bilateral 5 astrocytic sheets neonatal thalamic activity glucose metabolism GABA receptor activation preterm PMA 34w term newborn preterm PMA 35w 3m infant child 2y old parietal cortex (PC) cingulate gyrus (Cg) auditory cortex (AC) basal ganglia (BG) dentate nucleus (DN) thalamus (Th) brain stem (BS) amygdala/hippocampus (Amg/ Hip) cerebellar vermis (CV) young adult from Chugani 2018 arterial perfusion and venous drainage of thalamus anterior ICV 1 internal carotid artery BVR 2 posterior communicating artery b a 3 basilar artery a anterior posterior d lateral b c c PCoA BVR PCoA PCA PCA d 4 tuberothalamic artery (polar a.): to anteromedial and ICV anterolateral thalamus including mammillothalamic medial tract, TRN 5 paramedian pedicle (thalamic perforator aa.): to posteromedial thalamus and subthalamus 6 thalamogeniculate aa.: to ventrolateral thalamus, lateral CM 7 posterior choroidal a. : to posterior (pulvinar and posterior geniculates) and anteromedial thalamus (part of ANT) 8 posterior cerebral artery ICV internal cerebral vein BVR basal vein of Rosenthal a anterior, b superior, c inferior and d posterior thalamic veins CL, CM central lateral and centromedian nuclei Co commissural nucleus mtt mammillothalamic tract Pula, Pull, Pulm anterior, lateral and medial nuclei of pulvinar R reticular nucleus VA ventral anterior nucleus VLa, VLp anterior and posterior parts of ventral lateral nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial nucleus after ten Donkelaar 2011 and Barth et al. 1995 VPLa, VPLp anterior and posterior parts of ventroposterior lateral nucleus doppler images of PCoA and PCA perforators to thalamus anterior coronal posterior coronal ICV ICV tuberothalamic a. P2 PCA medial posterior choroidal a. P1 PCA perforator a. P2 PCA thalamogeniculate aa. parasagittal P1 PCA perforator a. P2 PCA thalamogeniculate aa. arterial thalamic stroke types tuberothalamic (polar) a. MCA AChA PCA thalamogeniculate a. ICA lateral posterior choroidal a. PCoA PCA P1 perforator a. basilar a. left thalamogeniculate PCA stroke term, neonatal seizures day 2, no risk factors except IVF lesions in the anterior region parechovirus encephalitis day 33 day 38 day 24 day 33 MRI day 5 PRES DWI negative CUS day 5 courtesy S Horsch, Berlin vasogenic oedema, mainly in striatum anterior region choroidal AVM lesions in the mediodorsal region ICV tributary thrombosis P1 PCA perforator stroke mediodorsal region thalamic DVA lesions in the ventral anterior region 1 ventral anterior and ventral lateral region chance finding, infant with minor trauma; transient imaging findings, without residual dysfunction (courtesy S Horsch, Berlin) 2 centre médian, central region ventral anterior region 3 mediodorsal nucleus lesions in the ventral lateral and ventral posterior region (1) intrapartum asphyxia: term, day 12, fetal distress, caesarean, brainstem dysfunction MR day 4 antenatal asphyxia: primary injury to thalamus on day 1 ventral lateral and ventral posterior region postnatal hypoxia/ ischaemia: volvulus in ELBW infant on day 42, scans 3 weeks later day 62 = 35w PMA lesions in the ventral lateral and ventral posterior region (2) primary hyperoxaluria at 1 month late neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis ventral lateral and ventral posterior region lesions in the posterior region 34w subcortical white matter injury, not cavitating posterior region network injury from stroke (diffusion changes in pulvinar and in optic radiation) MCA PCA lesions in the intralaminar region unexplained deposits in ELBW infants (hypothesis: Ca-P deposits, unpublished data) intralaminar region T2 isob1000 swip lesions in the geniculate region bacterial GBS meningitis with arteritis lateral geniculate lesions in several thalamic regions Leigh syndrome haemophagocytosis < EBV all regions neonatal lactic acidemia due to mitochondrial transfer RNA translation optimization 1 (MTO1) deficiency coronal from anterior fontanel axial from temporal fontanel uncus mes colliculus superior subthalamus pallidum subthalamus d20 diffusion MR born at 34 weeks PMA; 1500 g at birth; persistent hyperlactacidemia (27 to 36 mg/dL) without subthalamic nuclei; serial scans: persistent hyperechoic subthalamic nuclei, colliculi and globi more obvious restriction diffusion; confirmed mitochondrial transfer RNA translation acidosis; infection, heart failure, and pharmacological causes ruled out; urine analysis: unspecific high levels of Krebs cycle metabolites; pallidi; first day 20 MRI: mild restricted diffusion in the subthalamic nuclei and colliculi with normal T1- and T2-weighted images; second MRI at 42 optimization 1 (MTO1) deficiency; died at age 8 months following a metabolic decompensation with severe lactic acidosis normal CUS on admission; second CUS at 19 days: symmetrical increased echogenicity of the days: clear abnormal signal intensity of these areas on T1-and T2-weighted images as well as a courtesy NB Carreras, Barcelona ; Aguera et al. 2022 internal cerebral vein thrombosis with thalamic haemorrhage term, normal delivery, seizures on day 1, evolving doppler findings day 2 day 9 day 16 high frequency probe high frequency probe all regions thrombosis in ICV orr it’s branches arteriopathy in several thalamic regions cerebro-retinal genetic arteriopathy all regions hyperechoic signal in thalamic perforator arteries Aicardi-Goutières interferonopathy thalamic nuclei remain dependent on their cortical targets for survival degeneration in LG following focal lesion in cortical visual area 17 (mandrill) sustaining collateral axonal branches: degeneration only if all (1 + 2) major thalamo-cortical efferents disconnected 2 cortex 1 + from Sherman and Guillery 2001 thalamic reticular nucleus thalamus TRN retrograde degeneration can be due to axon destruction and also corticothalamic (in)activity with reduced trophic support ___ branched axon from thalamus to cortex ……. other connections of importance lesions in the posterior region and in pallidum: asphyxia or IEM ? A M L C P PCA P1 perforator a. PCA posterior lateral choroidal a. PCA thalamogeniculate a. more medial more lateral injury patterns to neonatal thalamus divided in major regions ? PRES frontal lobe network injury antepartum forebrain ischaemia EBV related immune LH destruction A L M asphyxia hypothermia mitochondrial C P deep venous thrombosis hyperoxaluria bacterial meningitis choroidal AVM parieto-occipital network injury HSV encephalitis cerebro-retinal arteriopathy (genetic) R Aicardi-Goutières syndrome arterial perforator stroke air deposits inadvertent drain placement